/financial inclusion

Discussion
Beyond the Surface: The concept of Underbanked in Developed countries
Joris Lochy

Joris Lochy

  Scott, thanks a lot for the feedback. Much appreciated. Indeed even though the list of examples I gave in the article is already quite long, this list is far from exhaustive.  A few more examples are: * Discrimination against certain minorities. Although laws exist to avoid this, we can not ignore there is an inherent (often unintentional) bias both in the automated risk algorithm and manual risk decision process. This means that certain minority groups are definitely "underbanked". * For medical insurance, obviously people with a history of cancer is not the only example. Everyone with a history of medical expenses or pre-existing conditions might be impacted. In many countries medical insurances are even more expensive for women, due to the expected medical costs associated with child birth. * Any form of non-traditional employment. In the blog I refer to freelancers and gig-workers, but obviously other non-traditional roles like e.g. artists, performers, or creatives are also impacted. * People with disabilities might need specialized financial products and services that aren't widely available or are offered at higher costs. * Language barriers for non-native speakers * Temporary Residents and people doing remote work (due to complex tax regulations) * ... Clearly the list is enormous, leading to a considerable percentage of the population being underbanked in some form.
Beyond the Surface: The concept of Underbanked in Developed countries
Scott Hamilton

Scott Hamilton

  Very thorough analysis, Joris Lochy! Perhaps we can chat on further issues here, some of which we've previously explored in Finextra articles?
M-Pesa goes live in Ethiopia
Hitesh Thakkar

Hitesh Thakkar

  Does this 51 million customers across 7 countries are inter-operate?
What is an Inclusive and Instant Payment System (IIPS)?
Ketharaman Swaminathan

Ketharaman Swaminathan

  Inclusion is already defined as “Any regulated financial institution (FI) can join the payment scheme.” I'd leave it like that. If you want an alternative system based on "empowering any FI...", then you can coin another expression e.g zinclusive. Moving on from nomenclature, important as it is, I want to bring up what I call "overlay apps" (for the lack of a better expression) that sit between the payor / payee and the payment rail. Examples include Zelle over TCH-RTP in USA and Walmart PhonePe over UPI in India. In the past, I've heard about PayByBank, PingIt et al over FPS in UK but nobody seems to talk about them these days. These apps provide value added features that the rail does not. For example, Walmart PhonePe provides "confirmation of payee" sorta functionality, which the undergirding UPI scheme does not (AFAIK). These apps are not owned by the rail provider and can pull out of the market any time e.g. Soon after Russia attacked Ukraine, Google Pay canceled Russia, thereby leaving Moscow Metro commuters high and dry and unable to buy tickets.  Keen to know if you would accept a payment system as "IPS" if its rail does not provide the features listed by you but overlay apps do?